Ubutaka bw'imisozi miremire yo muri Antaragitika rwagati ntabwo bwigeze burimo mikorobe.
Ku nshuro ya mbere, abahanga bavumbuye ko bigaragara ko nta buzima buri mu butaka ku isi. Ubutaka buva mu misozi ibiri yuzuye umuyaga, urutare imbere muri Antarctica, ku bilometero 300 uvuye kuri Pole yepfo, aho urubura rwibihumbi rwibihumbi rwinjira mumisozi.
Noah Firer, impuguke mu bidukikije muri kaminuza ya Colorado Boulder, itsinda rye ryiga ku butaka, agira ati: “Abantu bahoraga batekereza ko mikorobe zikomeye kandi ko zishobora gutura ahantu hose.” N'ubundi kandi, ibinyabuzima bifite ingirabuzimafatizo imwe byagaragaye ko biba mu muyoboro wa hydrothermal ufite ubushyuhe burenga dogere 200 Fahrenheit, mu biyaga biri munsi ya kilometero imwe ya barafu muri Antaragitika, ndetse no kuri metero 120.000 hejuru ya stratosifike y'isi. Ariko nyuma yumwaka wakazi, Ferrer numunyeshuri wa dogiteri Nicholas Dragon ntibarabona ibimenyetso byubuzima mubutaka bwa Antaragitika bakusanyije.
Firer na Dragone bize ubutaka kuva mumisozi 11 itandukanye, byerekana ibihe bitandukanye. Ibiva mu misozi yo hepfo kandi idakonje irimo bagiteri na fungi. Ariko mumisozi imwe nimwe yimisozi miremire, yumutse kandi ikonje cyane nta bimenyetso byubuzima.
Ferrer ati: "Ntidushobora kuvuga ko ari ingumba." Microbiologiste bamenyereye gushakisha amamiriyoni yingirabuzimafatizo mu kiyiko cyubutaka. Kubwibyo, umubare muto cyane (urugero selile 100 zifatika) zishobora guhunga gutahura. Ati: “Ariko nk'uko tubizi, nta mikorobe iyo ari yo yose.”
Niba ubutaka bumwe butarimo ubuzima cyangwa nyuma bukavumburwa burimo selile zimwe na zimwe zikiriho, ubushakashatsi bushya buherutse gusohoka mu kinyamakuru JGR Biogeosciences bushobora gufasha mu gushakisha ubuzima kuri Mars. Ubutaka bwa Antaragitika bukonjeshwa burundu, bwuzuye imyunyu yubumara, kandi ntabwo bumaze imyaka miriyoni ebyiri butagira amazi menshi-busa nubutaka bwa Martiya.
Bakusanyirijwe mu rugendo rwatewe inkunga na National Science Foundation muri Mutarama 2018 mu turere twa kure two mu misozi ya Transantarctic. Banyura imbere yumugabane, batandukanya ikibaya kinini cyo mu burasirazuba n’ibarafu rike riri mu burengerazuba. Abashakashatsi bashinze ibirindiro kuri Shackleton Glacier, umukandara wa kilometero 60 wa convoyeur wa barafu utemba umwobo mu misozi. Bakoresheje kajugujugu kugirango baguruke ahantu hirengeye kandi bakusanya ingero hejuru no munsi yubukonje.
Mu misozi ishyushye kandi itose munsi y’ibarafu, hejuru ya metero magana abiri hejuru y’inyanja, bavumbuye ko ubwo butaka bwari butuwe n’inyamaswa ntoya kuruta imbuto ya sesame: inyo za microscopique, tardigrade zifite amaguru umunani, rotifers ninzoka nto. bita amasoko. Udukoko dufite amababa. Ubu butaka bwambaye ubusa, bwumucanga burimo munsi ya igihumbi cya bagiteri ziboneka muri nyakatsi ikozwe neza, bihagije kugirango itange ibiryo kubimera bito byihishe munsi yubutaka.
Ariko ibi bimenyetso byubuzima byagiye bicika buhoro buhoro mugihe itsinda ryasuye imisozi miremire cyane mukibarafu. Hejuru y'urubura, basuye imisozi ibiri - Umusozi Schroeder n'umusozi wa Roberts - ufite uburebure bwa metero 7,000.
Byron Adams, umuhanga mu binyabuzima muri kaminuza ya Brigham Young i Provo, muri Leta ya Utah, wari uyoboye umushinga, yibuka ko gusura umusozi wa Schroeder byari ubugome. Ubushyuhe kuri uyu munsi wizuba buri hafi 0 ° F. Umuyaga uhuha wahindutse buhoro buhoro urubura na shelegi, bituma imisozi yambaye ubusa, guhora bibangamira guterura no guta amasuka yubusitani bari bazanye gucukura umucanga. Ubutaka butwikiriwe nubutare bwikirunga butukura bumaze imyaka miriyoni amagana yumuyaga n imvura, bigasigara byubatswe neza.
Igihe abahanga mu bya siyansi bazamuraga urutare, basanze urufatiro rwarwo rwuzuyeho imyunyu yera - kristu y'ubumara ya perchlorate, chlorate, na nitrate. Perchlorate na chlorate, imyunyu-ngororamubiri ikoreshwa mu mavuta ya roketi no mu nganda zo mu nganda, nazo ziboneka ku bwinshi kuri Mars. Nta mazi yo gukaraba, umunyu urundanya kuriyi misozi yumye ya Antaragitika.
Adams yagize ati: "Ninko gutoranya kuri Mars." Iyo ushyizemo isuka, “uziko uri ikintu cya mbere gihungabanya ubutaka ubuziraherezo - wenda imyaka miriyoni.”
Abashakashatsi bavuze ko no ku butumburuke nk'ubwo no mu bihe bikaze, bazakomeza kubona mikorobe nzima mu butaka. Ariko ibyo byari byitezwe byatangiye gucika mu mpera za 2018, ubwo Dragon yakoreshaga tekinike yitwa polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kugirango amenye ADN ya mikorobe mu mwanda. Ikiyoka cyagerageje ingero 204 ziva mumisozi hejuru no munsi yubukonje. Ingero ziva mumisozi yo hepfo, zikonje zatanze ADN nyinshi; ariko ibyitegererezo byinshi (20%) biva murwego rwo hejuru, harimo byinshi byo kumusozi Schroeder na Roberts Massif, ntabwo byageragejwe kubisubizo byose, byerekana ko birimo mikorobe mike cyane cyangwa wenda ntanumwe rwose.
Ferrell yagize ati: “Igihe yatangiraga kunyereka ibisubizo bimwe na bimwe, natekereje nti: 'Ikintu kitagenda neza.' Yatekereje ko hagomba kubaho ibitagenda neza kuri sample cyangwa ibikoresho bya laboratoire.
Ikiyoka noneho cyakoze urukurikirane rwinyongera rwo gushakisha ibimenyetso byubuzima. Yavuzaga ubutaka hamwe na glucose kugira ngo arebe niba ibinyabuzima bimwe na bimwe biri mu butaka byabihinduye dioxyde de carbone. Yagerageje kuvumbura imiti yitwa ATP, ikoreshwa nubuzima bwose bwo kwisi kubika ingufu. Amezi menshi, yahingaga ibice byubutaka bivanze nintungamubiri zitandukanye, agerageza kumvisha mikorobe zihari gukura muri koloni.
Ferrell yagize ati: "Nick yajugunye igikoni mu gikoni kuri izo ngero." Nubwo ibyo bizamini byose, nta kintu yasanze mubutaka bumwe. “Biratangaje rwose.”
Jacqueline Gurdial, inzobere mu binyabuzima muri kaminuza ya Guelph muri Kanada, yise ibisubizo “bikurura,” cyane cyane imbaraga za Dragon zo kumenya impamvu zigira uruhare mu gushakisha mikorobe ahantu runaka. Yasanze ubutumburuke buri hejuru hamwe na chlorate nyinshi aribwo bwahanuye cyane kunanirwa kumenya ubuzima. Goodyear yagize ati: "Ubu ni ibintu bishimishije cyane." Ati: “Ibi biratubwira byinshi ku mipaka y'ubuzima ku isi.”
Ntabwo yizeye neza ko ubutaka bwabo butagira ubuzima, igice bitewe nubunararibonye bwe mu kindi gice cya Antaragitika.
Mu myaka itari mike ishize, yize ku butaka buturutse ahantu hasa n’imisozi ya Transantarctic, ahantu hareshya na kilometero 500 mu majyaruguru y’iburengerazuba bwa Shackleton Glacier bita ikibaya cya kaminuza gishobora kuba kitarigeze gifite ubushuhe cyangwa ubushyuhe bukabije mu myaka 120.000. Iyo yabishizemo amezi 20 kuri 23 ° F, ubushuhe busanzwe bwimpeshyi mu kibaya, ubutaka bwerekanaga ibimenyetso byubuzima. Ariko iyo yashyushya icyitegererezo cyubutaka kuri dogere nkeya hejuru yubukonje, bamwe bagaragaje imikurire ya bagiteri.
Kurugero, abahanga bavumbuye ko selile ya bagiteri ikomeza kubaho na nyuma yimyaka ibihumbi n'ibibarafu. Iyo zimaze kugwa, metabolism ya selile irashobora kugabanya umuvuduko miriyoni. Bajya muburyo batagikura, ariko basana gusa ibyangiritse bya ADN biterwa nimirasire yisi yinjira mu rubura. Goodyear avuga ko abo “barokotse buhoro” bashobora kuba ari bo yasanze mu kibaya cya College - akeka ko niba Dragone na Firer barasesenguye ubutaka bwikubye inshuro 10, bashobora kuba barabasanze muri Roberts Massif cyangwa ku musozi wa Schroeder.
Brent Christner wiga mikorobe zo muri Antaragitika muri kaminuza ya Florida i Gainesville, yizera ko ubwo butaka buri hejuru, bwumutse bushobora gufasha mu gushakisha ubuzima kuri Mars.
Yavuze ko icyogajuru cya Viking 1 na Viking 2 cyageze kuri Mars mu 1976, cyakoze ubushakashatsi bwo kumenya ubuzima bushingiye ku bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku butaka buke buri hafi y’inyanja ya Antaragitika, akarere kitwa Ibibaya byumye. Bumwe muri ubwo butaka buhinduka amazi ava mu cyi. Ntabwo zirimo mikorobe gusa, ahubwo hamwe na hamwe harimo inyo ntoya nandi matungo.
Ibinyuranye, ubutaka bwo hejuru, bwumutse bwumusozi Roberts na Mount Schroeder burashobora gutanga ikibanza cyiza cyo kugerageza ibikoresho bya Martian.
Christner yagize ati: "Ubuso bwa Mars ni bubi cyane." “Nta binyabuzima biri ku isi bishobora kubaho hejuru” - byibuze santimetero imwe cyangwa ebyiri. Icyogajuru icyo ari cyo cyose kijyayo gushakisha ubuzima kigomba kuba cyiteguye gukorera ahantu hamwe na hamwe ku isi.
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