Mu myaka yashize, kwihutisha ivugururwa ry’inganda z’ibiribwa, guteza imbere guhindura inganda no kuzamura inganda, no kubaka gahunda y’inganda zigezweho z’ibiribwa zifite imiterere y’Abashinwa, inganda z’inganda z’ibiribwa mu gihugu ziyongereye cyane, kwagura ibikorwa by’inganda, kongera umusaruro, kongera umusaruro w’ibikoresho, urwego rw’imodoka narwo rufite ibindi bisabwa. Kubwibyo, ibikoresho byabigenewe bitanga ibikoresho byatangije amahirwe menshi yisoko.
Ukurikije uburyo bwo gutwara abantu ninganda zinyuranye zitanga umusaruro, umurongo uteranya kubera ubushobozi bunini bwogutanga, intera ndende yo kugemura, mubikorwa byumusaruro urashobora kuba ** igipimo cyibikorwa bikomeza kugaruka, kandi bifite injyana ikomeye. Iyinjizwa mubikorwa byo gukora umurongo winteko ni: ibyokurya byuruhererekane rwibiryo, umutwaro wumukandara wibiryo, umutwaro wumukandara wibiryo, ibizunguzungu byibiryo, ibyokurya byokurya hamwe nindobo yindobo.
Ibiribwa umukandara utanga plastike ifite iterambere ryimiturire uko ibintu bimeze
Inzu gakondo ya plastiki ifite amazu yimashini zitwara ibiryo zishingiye kumashanyarazi. Mu myaka yashize, kugirango uhuze nibisabwa byinshi bikenewe cyane cyane ibiribwa, ubuvuzi, ibinyobwa nizindi nganda ku bidukikije, umusaruro w’ibikoresho, ibikoresho bikenerwa neza bikomeje kunozwa, ibikoresho bitandukanye bigize plastike ifite amazu bigira uruhare runini.
Amazu yimyubakire ya plastike hifashishijwe kongeramo fibre yuzuye, irashobora kugera kumurwanya mwinshi wo guhangana, kurwanya ubushyuhe no guhangana n’ibikurura, fibre yibikoresho ubwayo ifite ibintu byiza byo guterana; ongeramo amavuta akomeye, ibikoresho byatoranijwe byatoranijwe hamwe na fibre yibumbiye hamwe bifasha kugabanya guterana amagambo. Amazu yububiko bwa plastiki afite ibintu byiza byo guterana amagambo, ariko kandi afite ubusobanuro buhanitse, kwaguka kwinshi kwumuriro, kwinjiza amazi make, kwihanganira imihangayiko ikabije, kurwanya imigezi nibindi biranga.
Ibikoresho bya plastiki byamazu yububiko, nkubwoko bushya bwibikoresho bya polymer, coefficient de fraisse ni nto, uhereye ku gutakaza ibidukikije kwangirika kw’ibidukikije, ibikoresho bya plastiki bitwara ibikoresho byo mu nzu kuruta ibyuma bisanzwe bya karubone nibindi bikoresho nko gutwara amazu birwanya kwambara, kandi bifite n'ibiranga kwisiga. Ibisabwa byo kwisiga ni uguhuza hagati ya molekile kuba nto, imiterere ya molekile ya atome itunganijwe neza, hiyongereyeho amavuta yo kwisiga hamwe nuburyo bwo gusiga. Ububasha bwa plastike bufite amazu aringaniye kandi buringaniye cyane, mubyukuri ntibigaragara nkimpagarara, bifite imitungo myiza yo kwisiga hamwe na coefficente nkeya yo guterana amagambo, ukurikije ibyiza gakondo byamazu yububiko bwa plastike hashingiwe kumikorere yumusaruro birashobora gukoreshwa muburyo bunoze cyangwa kubikorwa byihuta byigikorwa cya convoyeur. Amazu yububiko bwa plastike arashobora kuba arimo ibikoresho bya alkaline mubidukikije bikora, bigira uruhare runini, ariko ntibikwiye kubidukikije byangirika birimo ibintu bya acide bikora. Amazu yububiko bwa plastiki afite ubukana bwinshi nubukomere, ndetse no mubidukikije bikoresha ubushyuhe buke, imbaraga zo kurwanya ingaruka ni nyinshi.
Amazu ya plastiki ni ikintu cy'ingenzi kandi cy'ingenzi mu bigize umukandara w'ibiribwa utanga imashini no kohereza ibikoresho, mu musaruro w’ibikorwa byohereza bishobora kurushaho kunoza imikorere y’itumanaho ry’ibikoresho, bityo bikagira uruhare mu kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu. Amazu y’imyubakire y’Ubushinwa mu nzira y’iterambere ry’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, mu rwego rwo kurushaho kunoza imiturire y’imyororokere kugira ngo yongere ubushobozi bwo gutwara, mu mikorere y’amazu yabyaye kimwe n’ibikoresho, yakoze udushya twiza cyane, ndetse no gukoresha plastiki y’ubuhanga mu gutanga amazu yubatswe. Nyuma yo kwipimisha, amazu afite plastike arakomeye kuruta gukomera no gukomera kwicyuma gisanzwe, bityo kikaba gikoreshwa mubikorwa bitandukanye byohereza umukandara wibiribwa no gutanga inganda.
Iyerekwa ryuruziga rumeze nkinyenyeri kubice byohereza umukandara
Ubwuzuzanye bwimiterere yimiterere yinziga imeze nkinyenyeri ituma uruziga rumeze nkinyenyeri hamwe nogukwirakwiza kwinshi kwimibumbe ikwirakwizwa ryumubumbe, kandi mugikorwa cyogukwirakwiza umukandara wibiryo, kugirango uruziga rwagati hamwe nimbaraga zizunguruka zishobora kuringaniza, bityo bigafasha kugera kumurimo wo kunoza imikorere. Gusa ukeneye guhitamo neza ubwoko bwikwirakwizwa ryimibumbe na progaramu ya gare, urashobora gukoresha ibyuma bike hanyuma ukabona igipimo kinini cyo kohereza.
Nkuko uruziga rwinyenyeri rufata ibiziga byinshi bisa, bikwirakwizwa bikikije uruziga rwagati, kugirango imbaraga zidafite imbaraga zumuzingi wumubumbe hamwe nukuboko kuzunguruka gushobora kuringaniza. Muri icyo gihe kimwe, bituma kandi umubare w amenyo agira uruhare mukwiyongera, bityo rero uburyo bwo kohereza ibikoresho byimibumbe biroroshye, birwanya imbaraga zo guhungabana no kunyeganyega, gukora byizewe, bityo uruziga rwinyenyeri mubikorwa byo gutanga ibintu, birashobora kuba byiza gukora convoyeur yoroheje; icyarimwe, inziga yinyenyeri irwanya ihungabana no kunyeganyega byubushobozi bwo gukomera.
Ibiryo byumukandara wibikoresho byogukwirakwiza inyenyeri mubikoresho, bikoreshwa cyane karburisation na nitriding hamwe nubundi buryo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe. Gukora ibikoresho byukuri birenze urwego rutandatu. Ikigaragara ni uko ikoreshwa ryinyo ryinyoye, ibisobanuro bihanitse bifasha kurushaho kunoza ubushobozi bwo gutwara imizigo, kuburyo ubunini bwibikoresho biba bito.
Ubuso bwinyo bukomeye, busobanutse neza. Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mugukora ibiziga byinyenyeri birimo ibyuma byiza byintete birimo ibinure byinshi kandi binakomera. Mugihe ubushyuhe bwo kuzimya bugabanuka, ubukana bwinyo yinyo ntabwo buhinduka cyane, ariko ubukana bwumutima buragabanuka cyane. Kwiyongera kwa karubone na azote yibiziga byinyenyeri birashobora kunoza neza imyambarire no guhangana numunaniro wumunaniro, kandi ingano ikwiye ya austenite isigaye ifasha kunoza imikoreshereze yimiterere yimiterere yubuso, nyuma yo kuvura karubone na azote hamwe no kwinjirira, mukurwanya kwambara, imbaraga zumunaniro hamwe no guhindura imikorere yubunini bwa deformasiyo, birashobora kuba byiza gukoresha.
Uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ibiziga byinyenyeri muburyo bwihuse bwo gukwirakwiza, imbaraga zo kohereza nazo nini nini, ariko kandi irashobora gukoreshwa mugukwirakwiza umuvuduko muke, umutwaro uremereye wogukwirakwiza umukandara, birashobora kuba byiza kunyura mumatara manini, ingano nini ya convoyeur, bityo uruziga rumeze nkinyenyeri rukoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byinganda zinganda zikora ibiribwa mubijyanye no gutanga umuvuduko no kongera umuvuduko ukabije no kongera umuvuduko ukabije wihuta kandi byiyongera.
Ibiribwa bitanga ibikoresho bikenewe biragenda bikomera
Inganda zitunganya ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi ku mukanda wa convoyeur ntabwo zifite inyota gusa ku mubare w’umukandara w’icyuma kandi cyane cyane, urwego rwa siyanse n’ikoranabuhanga n’imikorere, ubuziranenge. Ibi birerekana inzira isobanutse yiterambere ryinganda zitwara abagenzi mu Bushinwa.
Ishyirahamwe ry’inganda z’ibiribwa mu Bushinwa riherutse gushyira ahagaragara “Gahunda y’iterambere ry’ibikorwa by’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga mu mwaka wa 2008-2018” ryasabye gushyira imbere iterambere ry’ubwoko 15 bw’ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa mu mukandara. Ubu bwoko 10 bwibicuruzwa bivuye mubihe nyabyo nibisabwa, hagomba gushyirwa imbere byeri, ibikoresho byuzuza ibinyobwa, kugirango bitezwe imbere kuri toni zirenga 200.000 / yumwaka w’umusaruro w’umurongo w’umusaruro, kugira ngo utsinde ingorane za tekiniki z’imashini yandika, iterambere rya mashini yuzuza aseptic ifite umuvuduko mwinshi, gukoresha ingufu nke, gupima neza, kugenzura byikora n'ibindi bintu biranga ibikoresho byinshi bikora, byikora byuzuye, binini; gukora imifuka, kuzuza no gufunga ibikoresho kugirango utezimbere ibicuruzwa nibikoresho bifasha, kunoza umuvuduko wo gupakira, no kunoza umuvuduko wo gupakira. Ibicuruzwa nibikoresho bifasha kunoza umuvuduko wo gupakira, mugihe bikoreshwa kuri firime imwe no kongera gukora imashini ebyiri zikoreshwa; ibikoresho byo gupakira aseptic, iterambere ryigikombe cya aseptic umukandara muto wa convoyeur, ******; umukino w'iteramakofe, ibikoresho by'iteramakofe, bigomba kwibanda ku iterambere ry'iteramakofe n'ubundi buryo bw'ibikoresho byo gupakira, ibikoresho by'iteramakofe, ibikoresho by'iteramakofe ku bintu bito kugira ngo byongere umuvuduko n'ubwizerwe bw'akazi, kandi byoroshe imiterere.
Muri iki gihe imbere mu gihugu kubera inganda nini n’ibiribwa zikoresha ibikorwa byo guteranya imirongo, mu iterambere ry’umusaruro w’ibikorwa bikomeje kongera ishoramari icyarimwe, ariko kandi bihura n’umusaruro w’inganda zitandukanye zitanga umusaruro.no gutwara ibikenerwa mu bikoresho byohereza ibiribwa, aribyo gushushanya no guteza imbere ibyohereza ibiryo, ibikoresho na convoyeur bihagaze neza nibindi bintu bikenewe cyane. Ukurikije inganda zinyuranye zitanga umusaruro zisabwa, urashobora kugereranya igiciro cyogutanga ibiryo ukurikije ibipimo byogutanga ibiryo, icyitegererezo, ibikoresho nubwoko bwibiryo.
Inganda zitunganya ibiribwa mu Bushinwa zifite ejo hazaza heza, inganda zitanga ibiryo inganda zikora inzira ndende. Inganda zikoreshwa mu gutwara ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa, benshi mu bakozi ba siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga, kugira ngo batinyuke guhanga udushya, bafite ubumenyi mu myigire, bakurikiza udushya mu bya siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga, ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’inganda zitunganya ibiribwa mu Bushinwa zikenewe byihutirwa, bikwiranye n’imiterere y’igihugu cy’imodoka zikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi, umuvuduko mwinshi, imikandara y’ingufu zikoreshwa mu nganda z’ibiribwa mu Bushinwa ndetse n’iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda zikoreshwa mu gutwara ibintu kugira ngo isi itangwe neza!