Porofeseri Tiffany Shaw, Porofeseri, Ishami rya Geosciences, Kaminuza ya Chicago
Igice cyo mu majyepfo ni ahantu h'imivurungano.Umuyaga uri mu burebure butandukanye wasobanuwe nk '“gutontoma dogere mirongo ine”, “umujinya wa dogere mirongo itanu”, na “gutaka dogere mirongo itandatu”.Imiraba igera kuri metero 24 (metero 24).
Nkuko twese tubizi, nta kintu na kimwe mu majyaruguru y’isi gishobora guhura n’umuyaga ukaze, umuyaga n’imivumba mu majyepfo y’isi.Kubera iki?
Mu bushakashatsi bushya bwasohotse muri Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, njye na bagenzi banjye twerekanye impamvu umuyaga ukunze kugaragara mu gice cy’amajyepfo kuruta mu majyaruguru.
Dufatanije n'imirongo myinshi y'ibimenyetso bivuye mu kwitegereza, ku nyigisho, no ku cyitegererezo cy'ikirere, ibisubizo byacu byerekana uruhare rw'ibanze rw'imikandara yo mu nyanja “imikandara ya convoyeur” n'imisozi minini yo mu majyaruguru.
Turerekana kandi ko, uko ibihe byagiye bisimburana, inkubi y'umuyaga mu majyepfo y’isi yarushijeho gukomera, mu gihe abo mu gice cy’amajyaruguru batigeze.Ibi bihuye nicyitegererezo cyikirere cyerekana ubushyuhe bwisi.
Izi mpinduka zifite akamaro kuko tuzi ko umuyaga ukomeye ushobora gutera ingaruka zikomeye nkumuyaga ukabije, ubushyuhe nimvura.
Igihe kinini, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwikirere ku isi bwakozwe kubutaka.Ibi byahaye abahanga ishusho isobanutse yumuyaga mu majyaruguru yisi.Icyakora, mu majyepfo y’isi, igera kuri 20 ku ijana by’ubutaka, ntitwabonye ishusho isobanutse y’umuyaga kugeza igihe ibyogajuru byabonetse mu mpera za za 70.
Duhereye ku myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo tureba kuva icyogajuru cyatangira, tuzi ko inkubi y'umuyaga mu gice cy'amajyepfo ikomera hafi 24 ku ijana ugereranije n'iy'amajyaruguru.
Ibi birerekanwa ku ikarita iri hepfo, yerekana impuzandengo y’umwaka ugereranyije ubukana bw’umuyaga mu majyepfo y’isi (hejuru), Amajyaruguru y’Amajyaruguru (hagati) n’itandukaniro riri hagati yabo (hepfo) kuva 1980 kugeza 2018. (Menya ko Pole yepfo iri kuri hejuru yo kugereranya hagati yikarita yambere niyanyuma.)
Ikarita yerekana ubukana bukabije bw’umuyaga mu nyanja y’Amajyepfo mu gice cy’Amajyepfo no kwibanda ku nyanja ya pasifika na Atlantike (igicucu cya orange) mu gice cy’amajyaruguru.Ikarita itandukanye yerekana ko umuyaga ukomeye mu gice cy’amajyepfo kuruta mu gice cy’amajyaruguru (igicucu cya orange) ku burebure bwinshi.
Nubwo hariho ibitekerezo byinshi bitandukanye, ntamuntu numwe utanga ibisobanuro byuzuye kubitandukaniro ryumuyaga hagati yisi zombi.
Kumenya impamvu bisa nkibikorwa bitoroshye.Nigute ushobora gusobanukirwa sisitemu igoye ikora kilometero ibihumbi nkibirere?Ntidushobora gushyira Isi mubibindi no kubyiga.Nyamara, ibi nibyo rwose abahanga biga ibijyanye na fiziki yikirere bakora.Dushyira mu bikorwa amategeko ya fiziki kandi tuyakoresha kugirango twumve ikirere cyisi nikirere.
Urugero ruzwi cyane muri ubu buryo ni umurimo w'ubupayiniya bwa Dr. Shuro Manabe, wahawe igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel cya fiziki mu 2021 “kubera ko yahanuye ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi.”Ubuhanuzi bwayo bushingiye ku buryo bugaragara bw’ikirere cy’isi, uhereye ku cyitegererezo cy’ubushyuhe bworoshye cyane kugeza ku cyerekezo cyuzuye cyuzuye.Yiga uko ikirere cyifashe mukuzamuka kurwego rwa karuboni ya dioxyde de carbone mu kirere ikoresheje uburyo butandukanye bwimiterere yumubiri kandi ikanagenzura ibimenyetso biva mubintu bitagaragara.
Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe n’umuyaga mwinshi mu gice cy’amajyepfo, twakusanyije imirongo myinshi yubuhamya, harimo namakuru yatanzwe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ishingiye kuri fiziki.Mu ntambwe yambere, twiga kwitegereza ukurikije uburyo ingufu zigabanywa kwisi yose.
Kubera ko Isi ari umuzingi, ubuso bwayo bwakira imirasire y'izuba bitaringaniye izuba.Ingufu nyinshi zirakirwa kandi zigakirwa kuri ekwateri, aho imirasire yizuba ikubita hejuru cyane.Ibinyuranye, inkingi zumucyo zikubita ku mpande zihanitse zakira imbaraga nke.
Imyaka myinshi yubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko imbaraga zumuyaga zituruka kuri iri tandukaniro ryingufu.Mu byingenzi, bahindura ingufu za "static" zibitswe muri iri tandukaniro mo imbaraga za "kinetic".Inzibacyuho ibaho binyuze mubikorwa bizwi nka "baroclinic instabilite".
Iki gitekerezo cyerekana ko urumuri rwizuba rudashobora gusobanura umubare munini wumuyaga mu gice cy’amajyepfo, kubera ko ibice byombi byakira izuba ryinshi.Ahubwo, isesengura ryacu ryerekana ko itandukaniro ryimbaraga zumuyaga hagati yepfo namajyaruguru rishobora guterwa nimpamvu ebyiri zitandukanye.
Ubwa mbere, gutwara ingufu zo mu nyanja, bakunze kwita “umukandara wa convoyeur.”Amazi arohama hafi ya Pole y'Amajyaruguru, atemba hejuru yinyanja, azamuka azenguruka Antaragitika, hanyuma asubira mu majyaruguru akurikira ekwateri, yitwaje ingufu.Igisubizo cyanyuma ni ihererekanyabubasha riva muri Antaragitika kuri Pole y'Amajyaruguru.Ibi bitera itandukaniro ryinshi ryingufu hagati ya ekwateri ninkingi zo mu majyepfo yisi kuruta mu gice cy’amajyaruguru, bikaviramo umuyaga mwinshi mu gice cy’amajyepfo.
Ikintu cya kabiri ni imisozi minini yo mu majyaruguru yisi, nkuko nkuko Manabe yabanje kubivuga, bigabanya umuyaga.Imyuka yo mu kirere hejuru yimisozi miremire itera hejuru kandi ntoya igabanya ingufu ziboneka kumuyaga.
Nyamara, isesengura ryamakuru ryonyine ntirishobora kwemeza izo mpamvu, kuko ibintu byinshi bikora kandi bigakorera icyarimwe.Kandi, ntidushobora gukuraho impamvu zabantu kugeragezwa kubisobanuro byazo.
Kugirango tubigereho, dukeneye gukoresha imiterere yikirere kugirango twige uburyo umuyaga uhinduka mugihe ibintu bitandukanye bivanyweho.
Mugihe tworoshe imisozi yisi mugereranya, itandukaniro ryimbaraga zumuyaga hagati yisi yose ryaragabanutseho kabiri.Mugihe twakuyeho umukandara wa convoyeur yinyanja, ikindi gice cya tandukaniro ryumuyaga cyarashize.Rero, kunshuro yambere, tuvumbuye ibisobanuro bifatika byumuyaga mwisi yepfo.
Kubera ko inkubi y'umuyaga ifitanye isano n'ingaruka zikomeye z'imibereho nk'umuyaga ukabije, ubushyuhe n'imvura, ikibazo cy'ingenzi tugomba gusubiza ni ukumenya niba umuyaga uzaza uzaba ukomeye cyangwa udakomeye.
Akira incamake yatondekanye yingingo zose zingenzi nimpapuro zivuye muri Carbone Brief ukoresheje imeri.Shakisha byinshi kubyerekeye akanyamakuru kacu hano.
Akira incamake yatondekanye yingingo zose zingenzi nimpapuro zivuye muri Carbone Brief ukoresheje imeri.Shakisha byinshi kubyerekeye akanyamakuru kacu hano.
Igikoresho cyingenzi mugutegura societe guhangana ningaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ni ugutanga iteganyagihe rishingiye ku cyitegererezo cy’ikirere.Ubushakashatsi bushya bwerekana ko impuzandengo y’imvura yo mu majyepfo izagenda ikomera cyane mu mpera z'ikinyejana.
Ibinyuranye na byo, impinduka ziterwa n’umwaka ugereranyije n’umuyaga mwinshi mu majyaruguru y’isi.Ibi biterwa ahanini ningaruka zigihe cyibihe hagati yubushyuhe muri tropique, bigatuma umuyaga ukomera, nubushyuhe bwihuse muri Arctique, bigatuma bagabanuka.
Ariko, ikirere hano nubu kirahinduka.Iyo turebye impinduka mumyaka mike ishize, dusanga impuzandengo yumuyaga yarushijeho gukomera mugihe cyumwaka mugice cy’amajyepfo, mugihe impinduka zo mu majyaruguru y’isi zabaye ntangere, zihuza n’iteganyagihe ry’ikirere mu gihe kimwe. .
Nubwo ibyitegererezo bidaha agaciro ibimenyetso, byerekana impinduka zibaho kubwimpamvu zimwe.Ni ukuvuga, impinduka mu nyanja zongera umuyaga kubera ko amazi ashyushye agenda yerekeza kuri ekwateri kandi amazi akonje azanwa hejuru ya Antaragitika kugirango ayasimbuze, bikavamo itandukaniro rikomeye hagati ya ekwateri ninkingi.
Mu majyaruguru y’isi, impinduka z’inyanja zuzuzwa no gutakaza urubura rwo mu nyanja na shelegi, bigatuma Arctique yakira urumuri rwizuba kandi bikagabanya itandukaniro riri hagati ya ekwateri n’ibiti.
Umubare wo kubona igisubizo cyukuri ni muremure.Bizaba ingenzi kumurimo uzaza kugirango umenye impamvu moderi idaha agaciro ibimenyetso byagaragaye, ariko bizaba ngombwa kimwe kubona igisubizo cyukuri kubwimpamvu zifatika zifatika.
Xiao, T. n'abandi..
Akira incamake yatondekanye yingingo zose zingenzi nimpapuro zivuye muri Carbone Brief ukoresheje imeri.Shakisha byinshi kubyerekeye akanyamakuru kacu hano.
Akira incamake yatondekanye yingingo zose zingenzi nimpapuro zivuye muri Carbone Brief ukoresheje imeri.Shakisha byinshi kubyerekeye akanyamakuru kacu hano.
Byatangajwe munsi ya CC.Urashobora kubyara ibikoresho bidafunze byuzuye kugirango bikoreshwe mu bucuruzi bidafite aho bihurira na Carbone Brief hamwe nu murongo uhuza ingingo.Nyamuneka twandikire kugirango dukoreshe ubucuruzi.