Porofeseri Tiffany Shaw, Porofeseri, Ishami rishinzwe Geoscients, kaminuza ya Chicago
Amajyepfo yisi ni ahantu hatuje cyane. Umuyaga mu karere gatandukanye wasobanuwe ko ari "gutontoma dogere mirongo", "uburakari bukaze", kandi "gutaka impamyabumenyi mirongo itandatu". Imiraba igera kuri metero 88 (metero 24).
Nkuko twese tuzi, ntakintu kiri mu majyaruguru y'isi gishobora guhuza inkubi y'umuyaga, umuyaga n'imiraba mu majyepfo y'isi. Kubera iki?
Mu bushakashatsi bushya bwasohotse mu manza y'Ishuri ry'Ubumenyi bw'igihugu, na bagenzi banjye kandi ndapfukirana impamvu umuyaga uhuha cyane kuruta mu majyaruguru yepfo kuruta mu majyaruguru.
Guhuza imirongo myinshi y'ibimenyetso bivuye mu kwitegereza, inyigisho, ingaruka z'ikirere, ibisubizo byacu byerekana uruhare rw'ibanze rw'inyanja ku isi "imikanda minini yo mu majyaruguru.
Turerekana kandi ko, igihe, inkubi y'umuyaga mu majyepfo yabaye mwinshi, mu gihe abari mu majyaruguru y'isi ntibagikora. Ibi bihuye nicyitegererezo cyikirere cyishyurwa kwisi.
Izi mpinduka zifatika kuko tuzi ko umuyaga ukomeye ushobora kuganisha ku ngaruka zikomeye nkumuyaga ukabije, ubushyuhe n'imvura.
Kuva kera, ibyo bintu byinshi byo ku isi byakozwe mu butaka. Ibi byahaye abahanga ishusho isobanutse yumuyaga mu majyaruguru yisi. Ariko, mu majyepfo y'isimefiye hafi 20 ku ijana by'ubutaka, ntabwo twabonye ishusho isobanutse ya serwakira kugeza igihe ubushakashatsi bwa Satelite bwabonetse mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 70.
Kuva mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo yo kwitegereza kuva mu ntangiriro y'ibihe byasatage, tuzi ko umuyaga mu majyepfo y'isi arushaho gukomera kuri 24% kuruta abari mu majyaruguru y'isi.
Ibi bigaragazwa ku ikarita ikurikira, byerekana ubukana bwa buri mwaka uhwanye n'umuyaga wo mu majyepfo (hejuru), hagati) n'itandukaniro riri hagati ya 2018 kugeza kuri 2018.
Ikarita yerekana ubukana buhebuje bw'imvura mu nyanja yo mu majyepfo mu majyepfo yisi no kwibanda kwabo mu nyanja ya pasifika na Atlantike (igicucu muri orange) mu majyaruguru. Ikarita y'itandukaniro yerekana ko umuyaga mwinshi ukomera mu majyepfo y'isi kuruta mu majyaruguru y'isi (igicucu cya orange) mu ntara nyinshi.
Nubwo hariho inyigisho nyinshi zitandukanye, ntamuntu utanga ibisobanuro byuzuye kubitandukaniro mumuyaga hagati yisi.
Kubona impamvu zisa nkibikorwa bigoye. Nigute ushobora gusobanukirwa na sisitemu igoye yagereranije kilometero ibihumbi nkikirere? Ntidushobora gushira isi mukibindi ukanyiga. Ariko, ibi nibyo rwose nibyo abahanga biga kuri fiziki yikirere bakora. Dukurikiza amategeko ya fiziki tukayakoresha kugirango twumve ikirere cyisi.
Urugero ruzwi cyane muri ubwo buryo ni umurimo w'ubupayiniya wa Dr. Shuroko Manabe, wakiriye igihembo cya Leta 2021 muri fiziki "kubera ubuhanuzi bwe bwizewe ku bushyuhe bw'isi." Ibyo wahanuwe bishingiye ku mbuga z'umubiri z'ikirere cy'isi, uhereye ku buryo bworoshye bwo kugereranya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru ku buryo bwuzuye. Yiga igisubizo cyikirere kugirango kizagera kuri dioxyde de carbone mu kirere binyuze mu moderi yo gutandukana k'umubiri zitandukanye kandi ikurikirana igaragara ibimenyetso byo mubiri.
Kugira ngo twumve inkubi y'umuyaga mu majyepfo y'isi, twakusanyije imirongo myinshi y'ibimenyetso, harimo amakuru ava mu mbuga z'imiterere ya filime. Mu ntambwe yambere, twiga kwitegereza ukurikije uburyo ingufu zikwirakwizwa kwisi.
Kubera ko isi ari umuzingo, ubuso bwayo bwakira imirasire y'izuba bidashoboka kuva izuba. Ingufu nyinshi zakiriwe kandi zishora kuri ekwateri, aho imirasire yizuba yakubise hejuru cyane. Ibinyuranye, inkingi umucyo uhinduka ku mpande zihanamye zakira imbaraga nke.
Imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo yubushakashatsi yerekanye ko imbaraga z'umuyaga ziva muri iri tandukaniro zishingiye ku mbaraga. Mubyukuri, bahindura "ingufu" zibitswe muri iri tandukaniro muri "kinetic" imbaraga zo kugenda. Iyi nzibacyuho ibaho binyuze muburyo buzwi nka "Baroclinic ihungabari".
Iki gitekerezo cyerekana ko urumuri rwizuba rudashobora gusobanura umubare munini winkubi y'umuyaga mu majyepfo y'isi, kubera ko isi yose yakira urumuri rumwe. Ahubwo, Isesengura ryindorerezi ryerekana ko itandukaniro ryimiti yumuyaga riri hagati y amajyepfo n'amajyaruguru rishobora kuba ryatewe nibintu bibiri bitandukanye.
Ubwa mbere, ubwikorezi bwingufu inyanja, akenshi bwitwa "Conveor Umukandara." Amazi yarohamye hafi ya Pole y'Amajyaruguru, atemba mu nyanja, azamuka antidarctica, agenda asubira mu majyaruguru ahari, atwara ingufu. Igisubizo cyanyuma ni cyo cyohereza ingufu ziva muri Antaragitika kugera muri Pole y'Amajyaruguru. Ibi bitera imbaraga zinyuranye hagati ya ekwateri ninkingi mu majyepfo yisi kuruta mu majyaruguru y'isi, bituma umuyaga mwinshi mu majyepfo mu majyepfo y'isi.
Ikintu cya kabiri ni imisozi minini yo mu majyaruguru yisi, nkuko akazi ka Manabe yabanje gutanga igitekerezo, hatandukana umuyaga. Imigezi yo mu kirere hejuru yimisozi miremire ikora hejuru kandi igabanya kugabanya ingufu ziboneka kumuyaga.
Nyamara, gusesengura amakuru yitegereje wenyine ntibishobora kwemeza ibyo bitera, kuko ibintu byinshi bikora no gukorana icyarimwe. Kandi, ntidushobora gukuraho impamvu yihariye yo kugerageza akamaro kayo.
Kugira ngo dukore ibi, dukeneye gukoresha imideli y'ikirere twiga uburyo umuyaga uhuha iyo ibintu bitandukanye bivanyweho.
Iyo twakomanye imisozi yisi muri kwigana, itandukaniro ryimiti iri hagati yisi yagabanijwe. Mugihe twakuyeho umukandara w'inyanja, ikindi gice cyitandukaniro ryumuyaga rwarashize. Rero, bwa mbere, duhishura ibisobanuro bifatika kuri serwakira mu majyepfo yisi.
Kubera ko inkubi y'umuyaga ifitanye isano n'imibereho ikabije nk'umuyaga ukabije, ubushyuhe n'imvura tugomba gusubiza ni ukuba intege nke zizakomera cyangwa intege nke.
Yakira incamake yincamake yibintu byose byingenzi hamwe nimpapuro ziva muri karubone ukoresheje imeri. Shakisha byinshi ku kanyamakuru kacu hano.
Yakira incamake yincamake yibintu byose byingenzi hamwe nimpapuro ziva muri karubone ukoresheje imeri. Shakisha byinshi ku kanyamakuru kacu hano.
Igikoresho cy'ingenzi mu gutegura societe yo guhangana n'ingaruka z'imihindagurikire y'ikirere ni ugutanga iteganyagihe bishingiye ku moderi. Ubushakashatsi bushya bwerekana ko ugereranije nisomu yo mumajyepfo yumuyaga uzarushaho gukomera mu mpera z'ikinyejana.
Ibinyuranye nibyo, impinduka mubyingenzi byumwaka wimvura mu majyaruguru yisi byahanuwe ko aringaniye. Ibi ni igice kubera guhatanira ingaruka zigihe cyuzuye mu nyeruzi mu turere dushyuha, zituma umuyaga ukomera, kandi uhuha cyane muri Arctique, zituma bakora.
Ariko, ikirere hano none irahinduka. Iyo turebye impinduka mumyaka mike ishize, dusangamo inkubi y'umuyaga yarushijeho gukomera mu gihe cy'amajyepfo y'isi, mu gihe impinduka mu majyaruguru yishimye, mu majyaruguru yishyurwa, mu gihe kimwe.
Nubwo moderi idasuzumwa ikimenyetso, yerekana impinduka zibaho kubwimpamvu imwe. Ni ukuvuga, impinduka mu nyanja zongera inkubi y'umuyaga kuko amazi ashyushye yerekeza kuri ekwateri namazi akonje azanwa hejuru ya antarctica, bikavamo itandukaniro rikomeye hagati ya ekwateri ninkingi.
Mu majyaruguru y'isi, impinduka zo mu nyanja zirahagaritswe no gutakaza urubura rwo mu nyanja na shelegi, bituma Arctic akurura urumuri rw'izuba no gucika intege hagati y'akarere ka ekwateri n'inkingi.
Ibiti byo kubona igisubizo cyukuri ni hejuru. Bizaba ngombwa ko umurimo uzaza kugirango umenye impamvu icyitegererezo gisuzumwa ikimenyetso cyujujwe, ariko kizaba ngombwa cyane kubona igisubizo cyukuri kubwimpamvu zikwiye.
Xiao, T. et al. .
Yakira incamake yincamake yibintu byose byingenzi hamwe nimpapuro ziva muri karubone ukoresheje imeri. Shakisha byinshi ku kanyamakuru kacu hano.
Yakira incamake yincamake yibintu byose byingenzi hamwe nimpapuro ziva muri karubone ukoresheje imeri. Shakisha byinshi ku kanyamakuru kacu hano.
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